Molybdenum, icyuma cyinzibacyuho nimero 42 kumeza yibihe, yakunze kwitabwaho kumiterere yihariye yimiti hamwe nuburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha. Ikimenyetso cyimiti ni Mo, kandi yerekana ifeza - icyuma cyera kandi kirakomeye kandi kiramba. Molybdenum itajegajega ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, ntishobora guhumeka ikirere hamwe na chimique idakora hamwe na acide hydrochloric cyangwa hydrofluoric. Ibi bituma ari ntangarugero mubice byinshi.
Molybdenum, icyuma cyinzibacyuho nimero 42 kumeza yibihe, ibaho cyane cyane nkibisanzwe bisanzwe bya molybdenite (MoS2). Iyi minerval yoroshye, yumukara yamenyekanye kuva kera, ariko ihuye namabuye y'agaciro nka gurş, galena, na grafite byatumye bigorana gutandukanya neza. Mu kigereki, "molybdos" bisobanura isasu, kandi kugeza mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, ibyo byuma byombi byagurishijwe ku isoko ry’i Burayi nk'amabuye ya molybdenum.
Mu 1779, Scheele yagerageje kwerekana ko gurş cyangwa grafite na molybdenum ari ibintu bitandukanye. Yabonye ko aside nitricike itagize icyo ikora kuri grafite, ariko yakoresheje amabuye ya molybdenum kugirango itange ifu yera. Byongeye kandi, iyo aside nitricike hamwe nigisubizo cya alkaline yatekeshejwe hanyuma ikabikwa, umunyu uragwa. Scheele yavuze ko iyi fu yera yari oxyde yicyuma, okiside ya molybdenum. Yagerageje kuvanga iyi oxyde namakara no kuyashyushya ubushyuhe bwinshi, atanga molybdenum mbisi. Yavumbuye kandi ko gushyushya molybdenum na sulfuru byabyaye molybdenum.
Mu 1782, umucukuzi w’amabuye y'agaciro wo muri Suwede Elmo yagerageje uburyo bushya bwo gukuramo molybdenum. Yavanze amakara, acide molybdic, hamwe namavuta yubururu kugirango atandukane neza na molybdenum metallic ubutare bwa molybdenum. Yayise molybdenum, hamwe n'ikimenyetso Mo. Ubu buvumbuzi bwamenyekanye na chimiste uzwi cyane wo muri Suwede Berzelius, utavumbuye gusa ibintu nka cerium, selenium, silicon, tantalum, na thorium, ahubwo yanakoze mu bushakashatsi bwimbitse - ku miterere ya molybdenum.
Iyo icyuma cya molybdenum cyaka mu kirere, gisohora urumuri rwa zahabu, kandi ion ya molybdenum muri leta zitandukanye za okiside yerekana amabara atandukanye. Nyuma yimyaka irenga 100 yubushakashatsi, kugeza mu 1893 ni bwo Mawson yashongesheje imvange ya karubone na molybdenum trioxide mu itanura ry’amashanyarazi, akora icyuma cya mbere cyashizwemo molybdenum gifite 92% -96%.
Nubwo molybdenum yavumbuwe mu myaka 200 ishize, iterambere ryayo nini - ryatangiye gukoreshwa muri iki kinyejana, cyane cyane mu myaka ishize. Molybdenum hamwe na aliyumu zayo zasanze zikoreshwa cyane mubice byinshi kubera imbaraga zazo nyinshi, coefficient nkeya yo kwagura amashyuza, amashanyarazi meza n’umuriro w'amashanyarazi, hamwe no kwangirika gukomeye no kwihanganira kwambara.
Molybdenum ikoreshwa cyane cyane mubyuma bivanze, ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ibyuma byabikoresho, hamwe nicyuma, aho molybdenum ikenewe cyane. Kwiyongera kwa molybdenum bitezimbere cyane kwangirika kwangirika kwicyuma, mugihe wongeyeho molybdenum kumyuma nayo yongerera imbaraga no kwihanganira kwambara. Byongeye kandi, nikel - ishingiye kuri superalloys irimo 18% molybdenum ifite akamaro gakomeye mubikorwa byindege. Ahantu ho gushonga kwinshi, ubucucike buke, hamwe na coefficient nkeya yo kwagura ubushyuhe bituma bakora neza muburyo butandukanye bwo gukora -.
Molybdenum ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki, harimo no mubikoresho bya elegitoronike nka tebes ya electron, transistor, hamwe na rectifier. Umugozi mwiza wa molybdenum ufite kandi akamaro gakomeye mumatara yubushyuhe -, gutunganya amashanyarazi (EDM), no gukata insinga -. Molybdenum ikoreshwa kandi mugukora ibikoresho bya radiyo na X -, ndetse no mu zindi nganda zivanze n’imiti.
Ongeramo molybdenum kumashanyarazi irashobora kurushaho kunoza imipaka ya elastike, kurwanya ruswa, hamwe na magnetiki ihoraho. Molybdenum oxyde na molybdates bigira uruhare runini nkumusemburo mu nganda za chimique na peteroli. Byongeye kandi, molybdenum disulfide ni amavuta akomeye mu nganda zo mu kirere n’imashini. Kurwanya sulfure idasanzwe ituma ishobora guhagarika hydrogène ya monoxyde de carbone kuri alcool mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.
Ikoreshwa rya molybdenum rirakomeza kwaguka, ubu rikubiyemo imirenge myinshi, harimo ingufu za kirimbuzi n’ingufu nshya. Molybdenum nayo ni ikintu cyingenzi mu mikurire yikimera kandi ni ingenzi kugirango ibimera bibeho. Mu buhinzi, molybdenum ikoreshwa cyane mu ifumbire mvaruganda kugirango itange intungamubiri zingenzi ku bimera.
Molybdenum, ikintu kigira uruhare runini mu nganda n’ubuhinzi, nacyo kigira uruhare mu mubiri wumuntu. Umubare wa molybdenum mu mubiri wumuntu mukuru ni mg 9, umwijima nimpyiko bikaba ingingo zifite imbaraga nyinshi za molybdenum. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko Mo-99, isotope ya radiyo ikora ya molybdenum, ikoreshwa mubitaro kugirango itegure Technetium-99. Technetium-99, isotope ikomeye ya radio ikora, akenshi ikoreshwa mugushushanya ingingo zimbere. Mugihe cyo gufata amashusho, Mo-99 mubusanzwe yakirwa nifu ya aluminium oxyde kandi ikabikwa mubintu bito. Mugihe Mo-99 ibora, ihinduka muri Technetium-99, hanyuma igakoreshwa mugupima indwara.
Ivumburwa rya molybdenum ryatangiye mu kinyejana cya 14, igihe ryabonetse bwa mbere mu gukora inkota yo mu Buyapani ya samurai, itangira gukoreshwa mu gisirikare. Mu 1891, isosiyete y’Abafaransa Snyder yashyizeho udushya ikoresha molybdenum nk'ikintu kivanze kugira ngo ikore isahani y’intwaro irimo molybdenum, ikoresha ubucucike bwayo bwo hasi (kimwe cya kabiri cya tungsten). Ubu buvumbuzi bwatumye molybdenum igenda isimbuza tungsten buhoro buhoro ibyuma byinshi. Igihe Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose yatangiraga, itangwa rya ferrotungsten ryabaye ingume, kandi icyifuzo cya tungsten cyiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, bituma bituma ikoreshwa rya molybdenum rikomera - rikomeye n'ingaruka -. Bitewe n'akamaro ka molybdenum igenda yiyongera mu gisirikare, guverinoma ku isi yose yatangiye kuyifata nk'icyuma gifatika. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, porogaramu ya molybdenum yariyongereye kugira ngo habeho gukora ibisasu bya rutura byo mu bwoko bwa - birwanya ubushyuhe ndetse no guteza imbere ibikoresho bigezweho nka tungsten na molybdenum. Molybdenum nayo yakoreshejwe cyane mubikoresho byiza - byujuje ubuziranenge bwubwato bwintambara, roketi, hamwe nibikoresho byo hejuru -.
Amavuta ya molybdenum, non - ferrous ferrous igizwe na molybdenum ihujwe nibindi bintu, ifite ibice byingenzi birimo titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tungsten, nibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka. Iyi mavuta itanga ubushyuhe bwiza bwumuriro, amashanyarazi meza, hamwe no kwaguka kwinshi. Bagaragaza imbaraga zidasanzwe ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, kuva kuri dogere 1100 kugeza kuri 1650, kandi bagatanga ibikoresho byiza byo gutunganya ugereranije na tungsten. Kubwibyo, molybdenum alloys ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byinshi, harimo gukora gride na anode kumiyoboro ya elegitoronike, ibikoresho bifasha amasoko yumucyo wamashanyarazi, gupfa - guta no gusohora bipfa, no kubaka ibikoresho byingenzi byogajuru.
Ariko, Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose irangiye, icyifuzo cya molybdenum cyaragabanutse. Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, inganda zikenewe byihutirwa gushakisha porogaramu nshya. Ku bw'amahirwe, icyuma gito - molybdenum alloy ibyuma byemerwa mu nganda z’imodoka, ibyo bikaba ari ibihe bishya mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere molybdenum mu bice nkibyuma. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1930, molybdenum yakoreshejwe cyane nk'ibikoresho fatizo mu nganda zinyuranye, itanga inkunga ikomeye yo kwagura isoko rya molybdenum - irimo ibyuma by'ibikoresho. Inyandiko - Ibikorwa byo kongera kubaka Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose byateje imbere ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’isoko mu nganda za molybdenum.
Kugeza magingo aya, ibyuma bivangavanze, ibyuma bidafite ingese, ibyuma byabikoresho, hamwe nicyuma bikomeza gukoreshwa muburyo bwa molybdenum. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga hamwe niterambere ryinganda, twizera ko ikoreshwa rya molybdenum rizakomeza kwaguka, bikagira uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’umuryango w’abantu.
Molybdenum, ikintu cyingenzi, iboneka cyane muri granite mubutaka bwisi. Amabuye y'agaciro yabyo aroroshye cyane, agizwe namabuye ya sulfide. Bitewe n'uruhare rukomeye mu ntwaro za gisirikare, ibihugu bikomeye ku isi byagaragaje ko ari amabuye y'agaciro. Ingamba z’amabuye y'agaciro zigamije kurinda umutekano w’igihugu no guhunika amabuye y'agaciro make ugereranyije mu gihugu cyanjye. Kugeza ubu, ibihugu icumi ku isi byashyizeho uburyo bunoze bwo kubika amabuye y'agaciro. igihugu cyanjye gifite ibigega byinshi bya molybdenum, bingana na toni miliyoni 8,6 (zapimwe muri molybdenum), muri zo ibigega by’inganda bingana na toni zigera kuri miliyoni 3,5, biza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi. Aya masoko ntabwo ari manini gusa kandi arakwirakwizwa cyane, ariko kandi agaragaza umubare munini - wabikijwe kandi utagabanije, byoroshye ubutare bworoshye bworoshye, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku isoko rya molybdenum ku isi. Amerika ya ruguru nayo ifite ubutunzi bwinshi bwa molybdenum. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko igihugu cyanjye cyo kugenzura umutungo wa molybdenum cyateye imbere kuruta icy'isi idasanzwe. Muri iki gihe Minisiteri y’Umutungo Kamere irateganya kwerekana molybdenum nkamabuye y’amabuye arinzwe, ishyira mu bikorwa imicungire y’amabuye y’amabuye y’amabuye y’amabuye y'agaciro no gutangaza intego zijyanye na minota y’ubucukuzi. Uku kwimuka kwerekana ko molybdenum izahinduka indi minerval idasanzwe, ihuza zahabu, tungsten, amabati, antimoni, nubutaka budasanzwe, kugirango ibone uburinzi nubuyobozi budasanzwe bwa leta.
